                               Revolutions of Industrialization, 1750-1914 (Strayer 825-875)

          NB: It would be helpful to review where we are and where we are going by looking over my "Notes 1:
                    Introduction To The Course From The Big Bang To The Present" in order to put future chapters in
                    context.

      Definition of The Industrial Revolution: "The complex of radical socioeconomic changes brought about
        by the extensive mechanization of production".  (American Heritage College Dictionary, 2004, p. 708).

   industry, L = activity; since the 17th century meaning = economic work;.
   industrialize = to develop economic work through large-scale mechanization.
   machine, (GR, mechos = device) a device to manage or control power--e.g. tool, hand axe, steam engine,
       coal burner, electric generator, nuclear reactor.
   mechanize= to use a device (a machine) to manage or control power--e.g. apply steam, coal, electric,
       nuclear power to production-- is "extensive mechanization" or in effect the intensification of human power.

   SO....., machines changed economics and economics changed the health, welfare, and meaning of human life and
             civilization! (Note the quote of the Indian national leader, Mahatma Gandhi, 1869-1948. Strayer 827.

Britain's opening ceremony for the 2012 Olympics.

"London 2012: How the might of the industrial revolution was created on stage"Link

To the question "Why Europe and Why Britain?" the 5 points from Notes 5: Religion & Science are applicable.

   1. The WEST had a rich heritage of Greek and Roman logic, science, engineering, literature, individualism, and
         democracy. Plato, Aristotle, Pericles, Cicero, and Julius Caesar represented parts of this heritage.
   2. Christianity had a core of individualism, optimism, self worth, human dignity, and "God on our side"!
   3. Medieval Europe (476 - 1400) had an infrastructure of self-government and law (cities, guilds, universities
           and monasteries, and by the 17th century, joint-stock companies and limited liability-Ltd).
   4. The WEST underwent a series of SHOCKS in the 16th century that forced a new outlook on life --belief,
          geography, economic competition, and technological pressure (shipping, banking, agriculture, accounting).
5. The West was small, poor, and backward, so necessity was indeed the mother of the West's invention.
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OTHER REASONS:

   6. Europe and Britain witnessed almost a 3% population growth from 1400 to 1800 (up from 375 million people
           to 1 billion people). This meant potentially more markets, workers, and creativity.
   7. Britain is an island--insulated, isolated--and as a result, innovative (necessity as the mother of invention).
          Britain's industrial production increased fifty-fold between 1750 and 1900. Abundance of coal was a major
          factor, but Britain's ability to adapt the new sources of fuel and techniques to all areas of production--
          manufacturing, agriculture, travel, science (British Royal Society, 1669)--gave the country a leading
          position for almost a hundred years. (The steam engine was used in railroads, ships, and cars-1788).
   8. British monarchs and nobility worked with inventors and industrialists, thus creating a positive economic
          climate--as well as a political one-- the 1832 Reform Bill brought more people into government.   On the
          contrary, France's monarchs and nobility remained aloof from economic change, resulting in chaos, revolution,
          and slow growth.
   9. In 1851, Prince Albert & Queen Victoria opened the first world's fair at the first all-glass, Crystal Palace, in
          London to display British technology.

File:Crystal Palace.PNG

    Built in Hyde Park, central London, in 1851. It was the largest glass structure in the world at that time,
1,848 ' x 456'. After six months, it was disassembled and rebuilt outside London, and was still in use in 1936
when burned down in a tragic fire. Link

9.  Since the 16th century British landowners (nobility) had been enclosing (i.e., evicting small farmers and
cottagers from their small, plots to increase grazing land for sheep. The wool textile market increased and the
government through diplomacyand a powerful Royal Navy opened and protected international markets.

Britannia Where does the name John Bull come from

Britannia (Roman Empire)                                            Union Jack 1801                     John Bull - a typical (?) Englishman

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I. The Industrial Revolution in other Countries--the United States, Russia, and Latin American countries

    1. Industrialization began in New England in textiles and spread rapidly after the Civil War (1861-1865),
with the US becoming the leading industrial power by 1914: USA = 36 % of the worlds manufactured goods,
followed by Germany 16 %, Britain 14%, and France 6%. American workers had less class solidarity than
their European colleagues and were less extreme, even though they did have many successful local and national
unions. The 1886 Haymarket demonstrations in Chicago for an 8 hour workday led to riots and executions.
Internationally it led to May 1st being declared "International Labor Day" in memory of the executed workers. Link

       a. The first American national union was the Knights of Saint Crispin, 1867-1874, which led an unsuccessful
strike in 1870 against the North Adams Sampson Shoe Company in 1870 which had hired Chinese strikebreakers.
Link
         b. In 1869 the Knights of Labor, was founded, followed in 1886 by the American Federation of Labor (AFL),
and in 1935 by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 1935-1955. In 1955 the AFL-CIO joined together
to become the largest  labor organization in the US, representing 56 union and 12 million workers Link.

       c. In 2010 only 12% of wage and salary workers were members of a union in the USA, the lowest in the
industrialized world except for France.Link For more on US unions, see: Link   By 1910 in America, whitecollar
workers outnumbered blue collar workers. Strayer 849.

    4. Russia still had an absolutist Tsar until 1917 and a very weak parliament (Duma), but by the 2nd half of the
19th century industrialization was well underway but with numerous worker problems. In 1898 a socialist party was
founded, and in the 1905 revolution against the government, a system of worker SOVIETS (councils)--forerunners
of the Communist Party (1919) were formed. Russia's industrial development was eventually crearted through the
ruthless system of communism led by Lenin and Stalin.

    5. Most Latin American countries fell victim to military strongmen (caudillos) who favored the elite and invited
foreign capital to fund their industrializations. But through trade (see the map, Strayer 850) Latin American
countries were drawn into the global market and thereby into worker strikes and socialist political parties.
Strayer 854-855. In 1911 Mexico did undergo a revolution and won a constitution by 1917, but on the whole Latin
America is still in thethroes of economic inequality and capitalist exploitation--e.g., Venezuala.

"The Arsenal", 1928 by Diego Rivera (1886-1957) a Mexican revolutionist and muralist.

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II. Reactions against Capitalism and Industrialization

At first the Upper and new Middle Classes benefited most from industrialization while the workers--70% to 90%
of the populations, depending on the country-- got low wages and long working hours. So not unexpectedly
opposition movements developed--socialists, communists, suffragists, and environmentalists.

1. Early in the nineteenth century Christian Socialists like Robert Owen (1771-1858) built model economic
communities like New Lanark.Link Other social groups developed Friendly Societies and credit unions to educate
and help the workers economically. In Lowell Massachusetts the Boot Mills were an early attempt to humanize
industrial production.Link

2. Karl Marx (1818-1883) condemned people like Robert Owen as naive do-gooders. Marx --like Lenin and
Stalin later in Russia-- called for a scientific approach to economic problems and supported a revolutionary workers' movement which he called Communism in his1848 book, The Communist Manifesto.

File:Marx and Engels.jpg

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)                                         The Communist Manifesto in German, 1848
                                                                                                                     In the middle line of the page is the famous line:
                                                                                                                                "Workers of the World Unite".

    3. Suffragists took up the cause of women workers' rights, and Clara Zetkin (1857-1933) of the German Women's
Worker Party declared March 8th "International Women's Day" which it still is today.

    4. Environmentalists began to study the results of pollution and advocated limits upon industrial production.
Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), published Walden in 1854, John Muir (1838-1914) founded the Sierra Club in
1892, and in 1866 the term "ecology" was coined by Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), a German biologist and naturalist.

    5. In literature Charles Dickens, Benjamin Disraeli, and Victor Hugo wrote about worker slums, low pay and
long hours, illness, and poverty. In 1862 Hugo wrote an explosive novel, Les Miserables ("The Miserable",
"The Wretched", or "The Poor") which took France and Europe by storm and is still a very popular novel. In fact
in 1985 a musical show under the same name, "Les Miserables", known more commonly as "Les Mis" also took the
world by storm, carrying the same message of the workers' plight -- starvation, low wages, and revolution.Link

"Cosette" by Emile Bayard, 1862 A scene from the worker revolution The 1985 playbill for the show "Les Mis"

                                                     Enjolras to his comrades when they contemplate staging a revolution
                                                                               (An actual quote from Hugo's book)

"Citizens, whatever may happen today, through our defeat as well as through our victory, we are going
to effect a revolution" (Actual quote from Hugo) Link

III. Conclusions

      1. The Industrial Revolution increased production, employment, trade and the benefits of civilization to a
majority of the world's population, but it has also increased global competition, developed uncontrolled swings of
growth and depression, labor instability and insecurity, and social and cultural social disparities, to say nothing about
environmental degradation

     2. The technical and electronic revolution that we are currently experiencing could be said to be a continuation
of the "extensive mechanization of production" and society. We have lots of "social media" and global, internet
connections, but have we lost the concept of society, community, and mutual responsibility of cives, in civitas and
civilitatis?